Can Riots/Public Demonstration Bring Change - 1459 Words

Can Riots/Public Demonstrations Bring Change? A demonstration is an action by a group of people in favor of a political or other cause. It normally consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint to hear speakers. Actions such as blockades and sit-ins may also be referred to as demonstrations. Demonstrations can be violent or nonviolent. Nonviolent demonstrations can turn into violent demonstrations depending on the circumstances. Demonstrations are used around the world to take a stand on issues that the public find important. Demonstrations allow a person’s voice to be heard. These demonstrations range from civil rights marches against discrimination to demonstrations†¦show more content†¦It is another thing entirely to pick up a picket sign and support it in public to stand together with others to represent a movement. Demonstrations make the cause feel more real to participants. Demonstrations pu t warm bodies and heavy feet out there representing an issue, taking up real space and real time, attaching the cause to real faces and real voices who care enough about the cause to go out there (Head â€Å"Why Protest Events Are Not a Waste of Time). A successful demonstration energizes participants. It causes people to get excited over their cause. People feel as though their voices are being heard. Demonstrations make people feel proud and good about themselves because they took a stand on an issue. A good demonstration has an almost religious effect on people, charging their batteries and inspiring them to get up and fight again another day (Head â€Å"Why Protest Events Are Not a Waste of Time). The religious effect is very helpful to the demonstrators giving them a reason to fight for their cause. It is very helpful for veteran activists because it gives them a second wind which is just as helpful to the cause. It is when demonstrations become violent that change does not happen. When demonstrations become violent they are know to be riots. A riot is a form of civil disorder characterized often by what is thought of as disorganized groups lashing out in a sudden and intense rash of violence against authority, people, or property. Riots oftenShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Mike Brown1727 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular business as of yet, the results of the their demonstrations have. Rioting and looting have occurred in areas of rallies and protest, particularly in Ferguson, Missouri. In a result to this, the economy of Ferguson has been greatly affected, stunting growth and preventing businesses to flourish in the area. Never recovering from the 2008 financial crisis, the city of Ferguson’s businesses struggled to stay afloat after the hard hit of riots and looting in 2014. In fact, local retailers stillRead MoreThe United Kingdom Public Law Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesThe United Kingdom Public Law United Kingdom Public Law Public law is the section of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the government and other relationships between individuals, which directly concern the society. It comprises of constitutional law, tax law, criminal law and administrative law. In public law, compulsory rules prevail. Freedom of speech is the notion of publicly voicing one’s view without the fear of being punished or censored. In the UK, the freedomRead MoreGay Men And Mutilation Of Nose Cartilage For Gay Women1813 Words   |  8 Pagesupon gays, and gays allowed society to look down upon them. It would not be until the 1940 s that successful gay rights movements began to surface. Fifty years ago, being gay ostracized you from society. You could be savagely beaten, kicked out of public spaces, arrested, fired, and disowned from your family, all for being gay. Today, lesbians and gay men are largely equal to their straight peers. Gays have even been supported by the United States Presidents in action and words. How did the Gay RightsRead MoreThe Ferguson Riots And Racial Profiling Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular movement in current history is the Ferguson protests of 2014 that were marked by rioting in the streets of the small St. Louis suburb. These riots serve to show the significant unrest surrounding the way black people are treated in this country as well as to demonstrate that racism is still a very large problem in our society. The Ferguson riots were a product of a long period of discrimination towards and mistreatment of the black community in Ferguson and were ignited by the murder of a youngRead MoreSocial Pressure On The Government Crisis1747 Words   |  7 Pages I measure domestic political volatility through observable events that are likely to indicate leadership change or social pressure on the government, in both cases using variables constructed with data from the Cross-National Time Series (CNTS) dataset.footnote{cite{Banks2011Cross-National}. A number of studies have used the CNTS data to capture political volatility or instability, but there is no consensus on the best approach or best variables to use. To list a few: cite{Sasikumar2009testingtheories}Read MoreAnalysis Of George Zimmerman s The Death Of Trayvon Martin Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesHempstead, Texas, and Eric Garner on Staten Island. The movement’s presence has become ever present in American life, remaining an ostensibly perpetual presence on Twitter, Facebook, as well as within cable news and manifesting in frequent actual demonstrations. Black Lives Matter is not necessarily a coordinated movement, but rather a seemingly organically occurring response to normalized violence and racism directed towards black Americans. The movement has reflected this decentralized nature by incorporatingRead MoreThe Arab Spring1286 Words   |  5 PagesArab Spring is a new term tossed in December 2010, and it covers all kinds of riots, demonstrations and civil wars recently going on in the Arab world. The Arab Spring has established; the power social media can have when applied in social and political scenario. In just a short period of three years, there were changed regimes in four Arab countries (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen). There were protests and demonstrations in other Arab countries like Bahrain, Syria, Algeria, Iraq, Jordon, Kuwait,Read MoreThe 1967 Riots And Maclehose Reforms3392 Words   |  14 PagesFrederick Mwangi History of Hong Kong Chim Lim HIS 385 H1 The 1967 Riots MacLehose Reforms The uniqueness of Hong Kong in terms of geographical, social and political structure is fascinating to study. Ceded to the greatest imperial power of the 19th century, Britain, the transition of a mostly uninhabited barren island to a financial powerhouse with over 7 million inhabitants provides interesting insight into a city built on entrepot trade, laissez-fair capitalism and modern economic social programsRead MoreCommon Forms Of Collective Behavior1511 Words   |  7 Pageswith each other, even if their basic features allow them to be classified as collective behavior. Common forms of collective behavior discussed in this section include crowds, mobs, panics, riots, disaster behavior, rumors, mass hysteria, moral panics, and fads and crazes. Of these forms, some (crowds, panics, riots, and disasters) involve people who are generally in each other’s presence and who are more or less interacting with each other, while other forms (rumors, mass hysteria, moral panics, andRe ad MoreJim Crow Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesseparate. They even went as far as to enforce blacks and whites have separate churches, cemeteries, and separate public accommodations. Additionally blacks were not allowed to vote. In most instances, the black facilities were grossly inferior-older, smaller, less-well-kept, and less conveniently located. In other cases, there were no black facilities-no Colored public restroom, no public beach, and no place to sit or eat. As a result of these harsh laws in the Civil Rights Movement was birthed.

Diversity Within The Workplace Diversity - 6655 Words

Diversity in the Workplace What diversity are we talking about? We have ethnic mixes, cultural differences, racial diversity, and religions across the spectrum, wide age ranges, class mixes, and sexual orientation options. The world is so connected that we are doing business by e-mail and computer transmission all over the globe at all hours of the day and week. We encounter a staggering variety of people every day. We have so many types of people in the workforce today that we must define what we mean by diversity. In the workplace today, we have a staggering variety of cultures working side-by-side, blending untold influences together to achieve a business objective. The challenge for both workers and managers alike is to find ways to†¦show more content†¦These categories would include age, ethnicity, gender, race, sexual orientation, and all of the aspects laid out in Title VII. The recent development of the importance of diversity can be seen as a direct offshoot of the implementation and enforcement of the guidelines of the EEOC following the passage of Title VII in 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991. With businesses no longer allowed to discriminate on the basis of the above factors, the resulting profile of the workforce has begun to change into a much more varied demographic. Wholesale changes in attitudes are difficult to effect given the entrenched nature of the population but the legislation of business practices has a slow, trickle down effect on the workplace as a whole. People may grudging begin to work with different cultures and different races but after a period of time, they begin to change as they work in stressful and intimate settings with people they may not have associated with previously. In other words, workers are forced by law to work with â€Å"others† and have to put aside bias and prejudice in order to succeed in their career and their business. It is a matter of survival. As generations grow and replace older workers, more and more acceptance of differences becomes the norm. Younger workers have been through schools and training where diversity is a partShow MoreRelatedDiversity At Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace3281 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 Diversity at workplace Diversity is a very extensive subject and can be in any genre or class; it is difficult to categorize because of its complex nature. According to Res (2012), diversity can be represented as a variety of human aspects pertaining to different societies and cultures in the workforce or can be explained tolerating the differences. On the contrary, diversity is a quest of differences among human beings in safe, positive and nurturing surroundings and moves beyond simple toleranceRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a known fact that in order for companies to flourish, excellent leadership practices and employees go hand-in-hand. What most companies have failed to acknowledge is how diversity within the workplace, especially in management and executive leadership, does not have a very strong presence. Numerous executives have embraced the fact that their hiring practices are inconsistent with their new motto (we do not discriminate†¦), but fail t o realize that it is more of an internal issue than it isRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1540 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a known fact that in order for companies to flourish, excellent leadership practices and employees go hand-in-hand. What most companies have failed to acknowledge is how diversity within the workplace, especially in management and executive leadership, does not have a very strong presence. Numerous executives have embraced the fact that their hiring practices are inconsistent with their new motto (we do not discriminate†¦), but fail to realize that it is more of an internal issue than it isRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace : What Is Diversity?1857 Words   |  8 PagesDiversity in the workplace What is diversity? Diversity in the workplace means having employees from a wide range of backgrounds. This can include having employees of different ages, gender, ethnicity, physical ability, sexual orientation, religious belief, work experience, educational background, and so on. Advantages of diversity If you have a diverse workplace in your business, you can benefit from the different talents, experiences and perspectives of your employees. Find out more about the advantagesRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace1324 Words   |  6 PagesAs the global reach of each organization grows, their objectives have not changed, however, their look toward leadership has. The increased diversity in the workplace requires superior synchronization by identified employees to meet effectively the mission and vision of the organization. This individual must be capable of meeting the needs of subordinates with their area of expertise with set expectations for meeting organizational goals. While the world analyzed this need, several theories becameRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace : A Broad Definition Of Diversity855 Words   |  4 PagesToday’s organizations are being forced to embrace the relevancy of diversity in the growth of global positioning. The management of diversit y has become time-sensitive in organizations and cannot focus on productivity alone. The treatment of employees and the business model of the organization will need to be the spotlight. â€Å"A broad definition of diversity ranges from personality and work style to all of the visible dimensions such as race, age, ethnicity or gender, to secondary influences suchRead MoreDiversity Within A Diverse Workplace1320 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity is seen as the difference among people. These factors include gender, race, ethnicity, age,sexual orientation,religion,capabilities/disabilities. A Diverse workplace,in the last 30 years, become an important issue to emerge, and it’s effects this can have on a organisation. More and more research has gone into a diverse workplace and effects it can have on an organisation competitive advantage. Although having diverse workplace, brings about opportunities and threats, diversity is complexRead MoreThe Diversity Within The Workplace Ess ay2257 Words   |  10 Pagesrise to a diverse workforce comprising of different individuals who significantly differ from one another. Diversity in the workplace has been defined as the differences and similarities among the employees that make up an organization in terms of age, cultural background, sex, religion (Anon., n.d.). The diversity in the workplace in terms of age is more often referred to as generational diversity. The desire by some to stay and work longer has led to the current workforce capturing many generationsRead MoreWorkplace Diversity Within The Workplace865 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket today is workplace diversity. Workplace diversity is defined as all characteristics and experiences that defined each employee as individuals, but it can also be misunderstood as discrimination against employees. Diversity can include race, ethnicity, sex, religion, disability and sexual orientation discrimination. One reason why workplace diversity is important is because when you respect your employees productivity rate rises and many companies do not know that. A diverse workplace targets toRead MoreGender Diversity Within The Workplace1323 Words   |  6 PagesGender Diversity in Work Balance between men and women in the workplace has been absent from modern corporations. More often than not, employers discriminate against women for being the domestic partner. But society is changing, and we are creating a cultural lag in society, meaning that women have proven their capabilities to be far superior than what is commonly presumed time and time again, but society still fosters beliefs built on traditional gender roles. Women are not always domestic humans;

Discourse Community Free Essays

McCarthy relates the classes Dave attended to a foreign country with a language that had to be learned in order to succeed. Dave struggled in his poetry class because he failed to learn the â€Å"foreign† language of the class. In this academic discourse, Dave had to learn to analyze and write essays that will, make [him] say something quite specific about the meaning of a poem (your thesis) and demonstrate how far [he has] progressed In recognizing and dealing with he devices a poet uses to expresses his Insights† (242). We will write a custom essay sample on Discourse Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because this was unlike what he had to do in his Freshmen Composition or Biology class, this approach was foreign to him. He was use to summarizing and proving his textual coherence but now he was more focused on new ways of thinking and writing for that class. HIS grades In the poetry class never Improved. The social aspects as well as his coherence Influenced his writing. Dave had a connection to the writing his both of his other classes but not to poetry. He thought that none of the poetry related except for the salary literary devices. He also felt that he was an outsider on the adolescence while his instructor wasn’t. He would spend hours writing the essay to fulfill the required Manner and Quality just to have his errors pointed out without any explanation as to why they were wrong. Dave felt that, â€Å"In Poetry, more or less each poem is different, o it’s not taught to you. You just have to figure it out from that poem itself and hope Dry. Forsook likes it† (251 This hindered Dive’s chance of succeeding in the class. Because he saw that his writing was failing he could’ve asked to meet with the professor privately to discuss what he was doing wrong. The professor also could’ve had more guideline lectures and helped the students by pointing out some details in the poem that would’ve benefited their writing. How to cite Discourse Community, Papers

Classic philosophy of quality free essay sample

Authoritative doctrine of quality 1.What is quality? # 8220 ; That right and it is good to populate, it is needed to be able and want to populate it is right good # 187 ; . # 8220 ; If even everybody will make everything, that in his forces is nevertheless is an reply, equal complication of job of quality # 187 ; Edvards V. Deming Quality and necessities of Man. The Modern image of quality of wares is based on rule of the most complete execution of demands and wants of user, and this rule must be stopped up in footing of undertaking of any good. The user of good can be both a separate adult male and collectives of people are endeavors, organisations or society on the whole ( image 1 ) . Picture 1. Good as mean of satisfaction of necessities In any instance necessities are related to belongingss of human personality. The mind of adult male is uttery hard, and the adequate complete theories of necessities of adult male are non yet built. We will write a custom essay sample on Classic philosophy of quality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, now there is a row of theories, depicting sorts and common dealingss of necessities on the footing of which the developer of wares can run sufficiently certain and to labor for good practical consequences. One of the most widespread theories is a theory of hierarchy of necessities of English scientific Abraham Maslou ( Abraham Maslow ) [ 1 ] , pulled out them in 50th of our age. On Maslou, there are 5 groups or degrees of necessities ( see of Ris.2 ) . A lower degree is basic or physiological necessities, such, as demands are in nutrient, apparels, brooding et cetera, which are determined biological nature of adult male. More high degree is demands in protected from the # 8220 ; shootings of destiny # 187 ; , such, as accidents, unwellnesss, disablement, poorness and other which can go against possibility of satisfaction of necessities of old degree # 8211 ; physiological necessities. Yet more high degree is societal necessities, that demands in socialising, common dealingss with other people.On Maslou, the necessities of every degree are related to possibility of satisfaction of necessities of old degree, and societal necessities are caused aspiration more to the full to fulfill de mands in protected. A following degree is necessities of confession, or necessities of # 8220 ; Ego # 187 ; .It is demands in prestigiousness, regard of circumferential, to glory et cetera The greatest degree of necessities is demands in self-perfection, or necessity of development. It is possible to see that all these types of necessities exist non merely for a separate adult male but besides for the collectives of people, including endeavors and society on the whole. Picture 2. Function of good in satisfaction of necessities on the footing of theory of A. Maslou In times of the usage of theory the row of elucidations major which it is been from was done: # 183 ; on Maslou, go throughing to the necessity takes topographic point more high degree, if the necessity of old degree is satisfied on 100 % ; modern psychologists consider that this per centum less than # 8211 ; poryadka 70 % and even less ; # 183 ; the hierarchy of necessities of concrete adult male is in a great trade determined the degree of development of his mind, it changes from a adult male to the adult male and different for one adult male in different periods of his life.With development of mind of adult male of necessity more high degree become major as compared to the necessities of more low degree. 2. Quality, value and cost of good In an order to fulfill the necessities of adult male, good must be certain features, and grade of conformity between belongingss of good and determines quality of good the necessities satisfied with his aid. The grade of satisfaction of user good serves as a step of quality of wares soon, determined correlativity of cost and value ( to the usage value ) of good: { Quality } = { Satisfaction of user } = { Value } / { Ctoimost } . For a manufacturer all merchandises, non incorporating defects which would impede a sale this merchandises, have a value. For an user those belongingss of merchandises, which correspond his outlooks, have a value merely. For us three basic between s are of import by a value and cost: between a value and cost of merchandises for an user ( Q ) ; between a value and cost of merchandises for a manufacturer ( QP ) ; between a value for an user and manufacturer ( # 202 ; ) ; this correlativity determines the fight of production to a great extent. We will see, as these correlativities changed in the procedure of development of production in a 20-mcode age. Concepts of endeavor and quality # 8220 ; Approach to the job is more of import, than its determination # 187 ; Law of Hall. There ever are internal and external purposes in entrepreneurial activity. Internal purposes are put before itself by a man of affairs, get downing or developing concern. They, as a regulation, personal is an addition of ain net income, satisfaction what # 8211 ; that the personal aspirations and dispositions et cetera External purposes of endeavor are those purposes on which expects society, allowing a man of affairs his activity.For society non plenty, that a man of affairs merely deducted him a certain interest arrived as revenue enhancements, it is necessary for him, that activity of man of affairs helped to make up ones mind those undertakings, which society before itself puts. In the most general sense, these undertakings are related to upgrading life in society, on the rule that society understands under such quality. Activity of man of affairs is ever societal, and in the developed society man of affairs it realizes perfectly.He builds the activity on the footing of doctrine of endeavor are constructs, depicting most general rules, traveling near the production of wares and services, direction of such operations, common dealingss between a man of affairs, employees of endeavor, society, province, natural environment. Doctrine of endeavor is based on cultural and national traditions, general constructs of development of proficient civilization.Major component portion of doctrine of endeavor is doctrine of quality, which has a societal orientation besides. We will look, as care of modern direction of quality is determined in conformity with the international criterion of ISO 8402: Method of direction organisation, based on the coaction of all its workers, oriented to quality and supplying through satisfaction of questions of users, accomplishment of purposes of of long continuance endeavor success and benefit for all workers of organisation and economic system on the whole . Note 1. # 8220 ; all its workers # 187 ; are meant by all forces of organisation, at all degrees of hierarchy of its organisational construction. Note 2. Substantial for supplying of success of this method is the positive and relentless counsel from the side of higher disposal and instruction and retraining of all workers of organisation. Note 3. Term # 8220 ; quality # 187 ; at the entire direction of quality absorbs in itself and accomplishment of all purposes of direction. Note 4. # 8220 ; benefits for # 8230 ; economic systems are on the whole meant # 187 ; by execution of demands of all topics of economic system # 187 ; . In this finding we see how follow in one unit success of man of affairs, benefits for the employees of endeavor, # 8211 ; the hired workers, being non proprietors, # 8211 ; and benefits for a public economic system on the whole. Practice shows, what merely at such harmonious harmony of involvements of all participants of entrepreneurial activity is arrived at steady of long continuance success. In the modern industrial-developed states at the beginning of 20th age doctrine of endeavor, based on construct of the alleged society of ingestion , began to be folded, I.e. societies, the intent of being of which is satisfaction of necessities of fellow-citizens. Finally this construct of society was formulated in 50th. A major part to incarnation of this construct in life brought in president of the USA John Ficzheral d Kennedy, drawing out construct of province defence of rights for an user at the beginning of 60th. In obeisance to this construct, the province is under an duty actively to interfere in the common dealingss of manufacturer of trade goods and services and user on a side last, barriering him from of hapless quality merchandises and set abouting defence of his rights. A jurisprudence was accepted on defence of rights for users. The chief figure of such society is an user. His demands ( if they are socially safe ) possess precedence above possibilities of manufacturer, and are on the defensive constitutions of the province and society. Can be considered major accomplishments of society of ingestion : successive devising world of thoughts of trade freedom, that resulted in international market of trade goods and services creative activity # 8211 ; an user in any state can get a trade good, produced in any state ; probe of it is the crisp intensifying of competition of manufacturers, escalating of their battle for upgrading merchandises and competition monetary values, for the diminution of footings of end product of trade good to the market and at the same clip beef uping of co-operation and coaction in a production and promotion of trade goods to the market ; development of the systems of province and public defence of rights for users on high-quality merchandises and services ; these systems of defence non merely let an user to demand from a manufacturer injury for of hapless quality merchandises and services but besides warn the market entry of such merchandises, and besides limit monopolisation of market a manufacturer ; probe of it is a necessity of manufacturer to give an user the system of cogent evidence of quality of trade good yet till user this trade good purchased ; high adequate degree of consciousness of users which agree to pay for quality and ready to co-operate with a manufacturer in his addition. In malice of all attraction of construct of society of ingestion , to the 90-th it became clear to the old ages, that out-of-control growing of necessities can take, at least, to serious misdemeanors of belongingss of environment, and even to do ecological calamity. The resources of Earth are non counted on that greater portion of population of planet entered in society of ingestion . At the same clip construct of development of most provinces is directed precisely on included in society of ingestion ( Russia is a non exclusion ) . Therefore some new doctrine of endeavor and, consequently, new doctrine of quality will develop in the close clip. The separate lines of new doctrine of quality show up already now, for illustration, in construct of ecological direction and in construct of the production system of Toyota . Therefore, in conformity with existing doctrine of endeavor, all plenty of duty for quality of wares and services lies on a manufacturer. A manufacturer in different historical intervals diversely reacted on this duty, incarnating different doctrine of providing of quality. Phases of development of doctrine of quality # 8220 ; Commodities return, purchasers # 8211 ; it is non # 187 ; Robert At. Pich. In history of doctrine of quality exist 4 cured and proceedings stages which, in complete conformity with the Torahs of dialectics, contradictions developed under restraint between the internal and external purposes of manufacturer # 8211 ; supplying of quality of the produced merchandises and consequently beef uping of place of manufacturer at the market ( external intent ) and addition of efficiency of production, that by the addition of income of company ( internal intent ) . It is contradiction on every phase of development of production, market and society had the specific and settled diversely. The development of methods of providing of quality is resulted on Picture 4. It began together with a handcraft and entered in pattern of separate Masterss, which checked up the ain work, Masterss which looked after work of learners, purchasers which sorted out wares carefully, to make store. It is non necessary to bury workshop organisations of mediaeval metropoliss, which, if to be expressed a modern linguistic communication, certified Masterss, # 8211 ; awarded the rank of maestro after the serious trials of quality of good. Each the wares was single. In 70th Nineteen age the thought of standard quality gave birth in a gun production ( mills of Samuel Kolta ) # 8211 ; wares traveling non from the inside informations driven in to each other, but from by opportunity chosen from party, that rotabless. Before piecing these inside informations were checked up by qualities, and the worthless. Control and was carried out by the specially trained inspectors. A outstanding part to development of this stage was brought in by the American car manufacturers # 8211 ; Henry Martin Leland ( laminitis of house Kadillak ) and Henry Ford. Leland foremost applied in a motor-car production work on qualities and a communication and uncommunicating quality idea of a brace. In March, 1908 the experts of Britannic took away insouciant visual aspect 3 transcripts from export party of autos Kadillak , geting to England, and took apart them to the last screw.All inside informations were brought down in a pile, and so – what inside informations from this pile withdrew and replaced fix parts, adopted once more at random in local on a sale and care of autos Kadillak . Then the group of mechanics, armed lone screwdrivers and twists, collected machines afresh and started up engines. Two machines were led from a inaugural effort, and one – with the 2nd, and all of them left on the drawn-out peal on the vehicle proving point of Bruklends merely handed over in exploitation.And when the once more gathered machines confirmed the complete individuality of the workings descriptions the parametric quantities of autos of shop-assembled, Britannic diplomaed a house Kadillak and silver cup with lettering For standardisation . After it on a tablet with the coat of weaponries of house on autos Kadillak lettering of Standart of the universe appeared is an ensample for the whole universe. Ford was applied by an assembly line and entered in topographic point of entryway control of piecing end product control on those productions, where these was made, that on piecing began to move merely suited, high-quality wares. He created separate service of proficient control, independent of production besides. By scientific generalisation and land of experience, accumulated on this phase, to steel of work of the American scientist, applied scientist and director Frederic At. Teylora, comrade-in-arms Ford. Concept of scientific direction, including attack of the systems, skilled direction, is precisely offered to them, thought of division between workers and supplying of high-quality and effectual work of organisation, thought of the scientific scene of norms of labor. He developed the basic thoughts of hierarchal construction of direction organisation, which in a concluding sort formulated Anri Fayol and Max Veber. Possibly, that due to activity of F. U. Teylora I G. Forda construct of organisation of machine production ( production system of Forda # 8211 ; Teylora ) , which in basic lines lasted to the present tense and is the theoretical account of organisation of production of most modern endeavors, was created.Only in 70th on altering other construct began to come it ( production sys tem of Toyota ) . Footing of construct of providing of quality of this stage can be formulated so: # 8220 ; An user must acquire suited wares merely, I.e. wares, to the criterions. Basic attempts must be directed on that non suited wares ( matrimony ) would be cut off from an user # 187 ; . Consecutive incarnation in life of this construct drove already to 20th to that the measure of inspectors in high-tech industries ( air power, military industry ) began to do to 30 # 8211 ; 40 % from the measure of production workers, sometimes and more. Within the model of this construct, upgrading is ever accompanied growing of disbursals on his providing, I.e. purposes of addition of efficiency of production and upgrading wares are contradictory ( can non be attained at the same time ) . 3. Phase of quality direction This stage begins with 20th Twenties ages as effort if non to settle, or weaken contradiction in a signifier, peculiar old stage. The point of numbering out is consider plants, executed in Department of proficient control of house Western Electrician, USA. In May, 1924 employee of section physician Shukhart passed to the head a short message, which contained the method of building of diagrams, known now all over the universe as cheque cards of Shukharta Statistical methods, offered Shukhartom, gave in the custodies of instrument, which allowed to concentrate attempts non on that, how to detect and retreat worthless wares to their transporting a purchaser, but on that, how to increase the end product of suited wares in tekhprocesse. One of singular accomplishments of pattern of quality direction was become by creative activity of public accountant service in quality, which unlike the sections of proficient control was engaged in non merchandises, but by control of little choices from parties of wares checked up the capacity of the system of supplying of quality on a production. On this stage became the meat of construct of providing of quality: # 8220 ; A primary aim is saved # 8211 ; an user must acquire suited wares merely, I.e. wares, to the criterions. Introduction of construct of providing of quality in pattern allowed well to advance efficiency of production at high adequate quality of wares and services, that created footings for forming of planetary market of trade goods and services. At the same clip, understanding grew that the certain bound of end product of suited wares has every production procedure, and it a bound is determined a non procedure in itself, but system, that by all sum of activity of endeavor, organisations of labor, directions, which this procedure flows in. Under making this bound that contradiction operates with a new acuteness, what on the old phase, # 8211 ; the purposes of addition of efficiency of production and upgrading wares become contradictory. 4. Phase of direction of quality it is accepted to number Get downing of stage of direction of quality with 1950 old ages. A turning event was become by visual aspect with talks before the taking industrialists of Japan of physician Edvardsa Deminga, American. For 12 talks doctor Deming met with 100s of taking directors of the Nipponese houses. By him, and besides by Joseph M. of Dzhuranom, other American, besides invited in order of governmental proficient aid to Japan, the plan the basic thought of which was developed: Footing of quality of merchandises is quality of labor and high-quality direction on all degrees, that such organisation of work of collectives of people, when every worker enjoys the work . The plan was based already non on flawlessness merely of production procedures, but on flawlessness of the system on the whole, on the direct participating of top direction of companies in the jobs of quality, instruction of all employees of companies from top to bottom to the basic methods of providing of quality, support on motive of employees on high-quality labor. Topographic point of construct of non-admission of matrimony to the user and construct of addition of end product of suited wares was taken the by construct 0 defects . Precisely due to consecutive realisation of thoughts of Deminga, Dzhurana and Kaori Ishikavy Japan, state, more than hapless natural resources and broke war, became one of the richest states of the universe. Basic part to development of both this stage and to subsequent, brought in Krosbi ( Crosby, Philip B. ) # 8211 ; in 1964 offered the plan 0 defects ; it was during many old ages the vice-president of company ITT, was the president of American society on a quality ( ASQS ) direction, soon adviser of many companies all over the universe, heads a confer withing house Philip Crosby Associates, Inc. Deming ( Deming W. Edwards ) # 8211 ; being one of taking specializers on the statistical methods of providing of quality, in 1950 got invitation from the Japanese brotherhood of scientists and applied scientists ( JUSE ) to take portion in a salvager Nipponese industry. There he and offered the plan of direction of quality from 14 points, developed rule of lasting betterment qualities which produced revolution in Nipponese industry. In his honor of JUSE in 1951 founded the really prestige one-year fillip of his name # 8211 ; value for the Nipponese house, conveying in a most part to development of thoughts of direction of quality, analogical award for a foreign house and single award. With 1980 the American association of statistics awards the fillip of the name of Deminga besides. Deming was one of the advisers most known in the universe in country of direction of quality, writer more than 200 books in this country, honoured physician of 10 of the American universities. In 1987 g ot the personal felicitation of president of the USA. Died in 1995. Feygenbaum ( Feigenbaum Armand V. ) # 8211 ; developed rules of entire quality direction and analogue ( coincident ) technology ; more than 10 old ages worked in General Electric, after founded an ain consulting house General Systems Company, Ltd, the president of which is to the present tense. This house # 8211 ; one of universe centres of audiences in country of direction of quality. Ishikava ( Ishikawa, Kaori ) # 8211 ; thought of the circle of quality , offered the diagrams of ground is probe ( diagram of Ishikavy ) , developed construct direction quality all collective of endeavor participates in which. From the beginning of 50th of more active participating in the plan JUSE in quality. one of developers of new construct of organisation of production, incarnate on a house Toyota ( production system of Toyota , TPS ) . Dzhuran ( Juran, Joseph M. ) # 8211 ; developed rule of threes of quality ; it is one of anchorwomen concern # 8211 ; advisers in country of quality. Mesing ( Masing Walter ) # 8211 ; offered a mention book in quality as a basic papers of the system of supplying of quality of endeavor. Possibly, that precisely on this stage of providing of quality there was a direction of quality in his modern understanding.Contradiction between upgrading and growing of efficiency of production in his former signifiers was overcame # 8211 ; application of new thoughts of direction allowed at the same time to advance quality and cut down production inputs. An user practically in full states began to acquire goods and services of the highest quality at moderate monetary value # 8211 ; the thought of # 8220 ; society of ingestion # 187 ; realized.At the same clip, construct of the standartized quality, in obeisance to which under high-quality good is understood, to which defined demands and fixed in norms manufacturer, and an user is right either to buy the offered merchandise or reject it, resulted in intensifying of contradiction between quality and efficiency in a new signifier, # 8211 ; at an mistake in finding of questions of users on go forthing of suited, from point of man ufacturers, wares to the market of expense inordinately great. This stage began to be engendered in the in-between sixtieth as development of thoughts of old stage in the way of more complete satisfaction of questions of users. The necessity of development of this stage is related to universe market of trade goods and services development, crisp intensifying of competition at this market and policy of province defence of involvements of users. All of it resulted in a state of affairs, when puting to the market of merchandises, holding # 8220 ; kid s unwellnesss # 187 ; or fulfilling the questions of user in less grade, what wares of rivals, CPLD from one side, with development of theory of dependability of wares, and de autre portion, with broad debut of the calculating technology and CADD in a development of merchandises procedure. Footing of construct of new stage was become: 1. thought, that greater portion of defects of wares is mortgaged on the phase of development from deficient quality of undertaking plants ; 2. transportation of Centre of gravitation of plants on creative activity of good from the theoretical account trials of pre-production theoretical accounts or parties to the mathematical design of belongingss of wares, and besides design of procedures of production of wares, that allows to detect and take interior decorator and technological defects yet to get downing of the phase of production ; 3. topographic point of construct 0 defects were occupied by construct of the satisfied user ; 4. high quality must be given an user for an low-cost cost which goes down invariably, as a competition on markets is ever-higher. The basic thoughts of new stage are outspoken in plants of Geniti Taguti, physician Micuno, in scientific developments of companies Toyota and Micubisi . Taguti ( composing of Taguchi is sometimes used # 8211 ; Taguchi, Genichi ) # 8211 ; offered the map of losingss of quality, developed the method of planning of industrial experiments. Within the model of stage of planning of quality it is succeeded practically to get the better of contradiction between quality and efficiency of production in his bing signifiers, and a new stage arises up at the show of new signifier of this contradiction.For illustration, demands of user, that non merely merchandises but besides production procedure would be esuriently, I.e. would non make damage an environment. This stage is merely engendered soon, and its construct yet eventually was non formed. List of literature 1. Nothing otiose. Doctrine of behavior of concern from SEO Gillette: James Kilts, John Manfredi, Robert Lorber: God direct, Ivanov and Ferber , # 8211 ; 2008. 2. The Ultimate Book of Business Thinking: Harnessing the Power of the World s Greatest Business Ideas by Des Dearlove. 3. Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense, Low-Cost Approach to Management by Masaaki Imai. 4. Harvard Business Review On Innovation by Clayton M. Christensen, Michael Overdorf, Ian MacMillan, Rita McGrath, Stefan Thomke.

The History Of Quipu Essays - Inca, Knots, Numerals, Proto-writing

The History Of Quipu Quipu is a set of cords and knots tied together, most of them were made of cotton and dyed in one or more colors. Each of the pendants and the knots tied on it represented numbers and the colors had their own representatives. It was invented by Incas for the purpose of recording and accounting. The following paragraphs will cover the positive and negative aspects of quipu and the difference between the communication systems of the western civilization, for example writing. Some of the positive aspects of quipu are, firstly, they were used to store information, for example, the output of gold mines *1*, the amount and kinds of tribute gave by other tribes or the result of a census were all recorded on quipus. Secondly, they can be read in horizontal direction therefore they have timeliness of before and after. They can be read vertically so terms like below and above can also apply. Thirdly, Cords on quipu can be moved until the last knot is fixed into position, so they are flexible to adjust mistakes. Fourthly, they are easy to preserve, as they wont wear out as easy as paper. Fifthly, they are in three-dimensional form, which means the making of the quipu involves greater tactile sensitivity *2* than other kind of communications for example writing. Lastly, as it may be the most important aspect of quipu, they predated and help created the coming of the civilization of Incas. There are some negative aspects of quipu too. Firstly they have limitation in meanings, which means the cords and knots represent numbers only, they cannot be used to convey complex thoughts. Secondly, the making of quipus is complicated compared to writing. They need specific skills and also take a while to train of quipumaker as there are hundreds of color vocabulary and different styles of knotting. Thirdly, quipu cannot record things as fast as writings. Compared to modern writing by brush, pencil or pen, quipus take a period of time to complete as a whole record. *1* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 30 *2* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 The differences between writing and quipu are, firstly, writings are in two-dimensional form, they are recorded on planar surfaces *3*. Quipus are recorded in construction, which are in three-dimensional form. As already analyzed above, they involve a sense of touch in a greater degree. Secondly, the purposes of these two forms of communications are different, writing is a system of graphic symbols that can be used to express and convey any or all thought. They are often used for propaganda *4*, recording, predicting, identifying and accounting purposes while quipu has limitation in conveying meanings as it is only a form of counting and recording. Thirdly, writing involved filling the space continuously in the direction from left to right or up to down *5*, they are to say in a linear composition. In contrast, quipu was nonlinear. It had no definite direction and space when connecting, but when the strings were attached, the space became defined. Lastly, writing is a more convenient form of communication than quipu as space can be expanded by adding more papers or sheets if needed, mistakes can be adjusted easier by rubbing out the unwanted words and they are lighter and easier to carry. Writing as a modern way of communication is a more advanced and convenient way to exchange thoughts. The invention of writing brought the human civilization into a higher state which makes quipu a unfamiliar term to people as no one use them anymore. *3* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 *4* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 37~40 *5* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 History Essays

Tuojiangosaurus - Facts and Figures

Tuojiangosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Tuojiangosaurus (Greek for Tuo river lizard); pronounced TOO-oh-jee-ANG-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (160-150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 25 feet long and four tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, low skull; four spikes on tail About Tuojiangosaurus Paleontologists believe stegosaursthe spiked, plated, elephant-sized herbivorous dinosaursoriginated in Asia, then crossed over to North America during the late Jurassic period. Tuojiangosaurus, a near-complete fossil of which was found in China in 1973, appears to be one of the most primitive stegosaurs yet known, with anatomical features (lack of tall vertebral spines toward its rear end, teeth in the front of its mouth) not seen in later members of this breed. However, Tuojiangosaurus did retain one very characteristic stegosaur feature: the four paired spines at the end its tail, which it presumably used to inflict damage on the hungry tyrannosaurs and large theropods of its Asian habitat.

Is Nationalism best understood as a rational phenomenon Essay

Is Nationalism best understood as a rational phenomenon - Essay Example The specificity of nationalism, that which distinguishes nationality from other types of identity, derives from the fact that nationalism locates the source of individual identity within a â€Å"people†, which for its part has been acknowledged as the bearer of sovereignty, the central object of loyalty, and the basis of collective solidarity. The foundation of nationalism, argued Liah Greenfeld (1992), without which no nationalism is possible, is an idea; nationalism is a particular perspective or a style of thought and that the idea of the nation lies in it core. (p. 3-4) Scholars are at odds as to when did nationalism emerge. However, they are in unison in saying that it started in Europe. For instance, there are those who argue that nationalism came out of Britain in the sixteenth century. There are those who believe such as Andrew Vincent (2002), that nationalism’s groundwork was established during the French and American revolutions. (p. 46) Nonetheless, the concept has signified the beginning of modernity, corresponding with the growth and modernization of states. This does not mean, however, that there were no instances of group loyalty and allegiance in the past. They were not simply considered nationalist as we understand the term today. The membership of an individual in a country is not a voluntary issue, though some times it is said to be voluntary. Nationalism is involuntary when a member of a country is born in a particular nation. It was not a choice to be born there, so it is involuntary. People who decide to change their citizenship and get that of another country are voluntarily members of their country of choice. This argument has become significant when we talk about ability to consider and choose between alternatives, which â€Å"entitle one to decide what was best for oneself and was the basis for the recognition of the autonomy

Zara case company analysis report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Zara case company analysis report - Essay Example It further looks at the PR of the company and the major crises that have been facing the company over the years. A comprehensive analysis of the company’s strategy is done to establish the root of the company’s success. Lastly, the paper gives suggestions on how the company can improve its operations in the global scene.Zara is the leading brand of Spanish Fashion Group Inditex and a well- established Fashion Company in the global scene (Zara, 2012). The company was established in 1975 in La Coruna and since then, its growth has been sterling. It had opened branches in major fashion cities including Paris and New York by the year 1990. It was because of their tremendous reputation that Zara Home was opened in the year 2003. In 2007, Zara established their first online shop that specialises in the sale of home products (Inditex, 2012). At the moment, the company operates 1830 stores in different parts of the world. According to recent financial statements, it contributes to more than 64% of Inditex’s revenue (Inditex, 2011). The company distinguishes itself as fast fashion trademark and offers high fashion clothing to reach the public at affordable prices. Zara’s success has been impressive over the years and this paper analyses its external environment, value chain, leadership, strategies and challenges facing the brand name. External Environment Analysis The fashion industry is ever changing due to contribution of companies like Topshop, HandM and Zara (London Business School, 2008). Consequently, factors affecting the clothing industry will influence trends in the high fashion world. In the clothing industry, customers’ preferences vary according to their ages and body types (Keane and te Velde, 2008). Furthermore, the demand for clothing is affected by population size and patterns. For example, an increase in the proportion of pregnant women and birth rate will increase demand for maternity and baby clothes (Suttle, 2011:45 ). It is important to note that demographic trends are the driving force in the fashion industry. The PESTLE analysis will be used to study the macro- environment and the Porter five forces model to evaluate the micro- environment. PESTEL analysis The fashion industry is characterised by high levels of competition among the top fashion brand names and frequent changes in the customers’ tastes and preferences. PESTEL analysis is used to identify factors that affect the demand of goods produced with regards to the external environment. Political Aspects In terms of the political framework in the clothing industry, workers’ rights and employment regulations are mandatory in the creation of a legal environment in the manufacturing

Estimate Request and Fact Sheet Form Coursework

Estimate Request and Fact Sheet Form - Coursework Example She is the founder of Global Market Millionaires, a capital ventures firm that invests in ideas of people and assists them in funding. She has served as a columnist in the New York Times with articles focusing on financial planning and investment. She holds a doctoral degree in Financial Management from Harvard University. A number of books exist in the market that addresses financial management. Authors such as Robert Kiyosaki have produced many books sold in the market that address financial management issues. The books in the market handle the topic from a storyline perspective. This book however, approaches it from an educational perspective blending in financial principles and other investor options that are applicable. The book aims at using the financial knowledge and experience of the author in the generation of sound and unique ideas that may propel the reader to an endless climb up the financial ladder Readers can be able to request for review copies of the book and the specified author’s information obtained from the individual imprints. Interested parties are urged to send emails to the appropriated addresses stated below. Unfortunately, emails cannot be forward to the book author nor can the author’s postal or email address be revealed. However, those interested can contact Random House Publishers authors’ and editors through letter or email. Random House Publishers will handle all the queries via their email address at publishers@randomhouse.com [These trim sizes are standard sizes adopted by all printers. The trim size chosen allows for the enrollment of expanded distribution at amazon.com and other e-stores. It will be eligible for bookstores and other online retailers in the expanded distribution channel. This size also gives an allowance of .125† inches that is beyond the final trim size from top, bottom and outer edges for accommodation of the full bleed area.] [Coloured diagrammatic

Socio-Cultural Factors in Banking Adverts

Socio-Cultural Factors in Banking Adverts This paper formulates a foundation using various variables to gauge advertising in ethical respect. It describes ethics as a way of formulating a certain behavior accentuating fairness in all deals regarding personal and external environments. The argument that has been raised in this research was whether ethical advertising is followed by Consumer banking institutes while advertising credit cards or not. Its effects on the consumer perception and the limitations under which the consumer perceives them are shown light upon. In the theoretical framework the factors that might influence ethical advertising are stated namely legal, social, environmental, personal/individual, situational, social, economic and consumer trend. The research was conducted in 5 banks in Lahore, through survey method. Questionnaires were floated amongst a sample size of 30 professionals related to the field of advertising in each banking institute. Once the date was collected and referred through facts from th e conducted interviews it was found out that all the above mentioned independent variable indeed did affect the dependant variable of ethical advertising. Introduction to Advertising The two basic functions of advertising are to inform and to persuade. It can be defined as a form of communication used to influence a certain target audience to purchase products, services or ideas. Advertising has diversified to being personal as well as a non personal way of approaching an audience. It has evolved into various types covering indoor and outdoor advertising. The major ways of deliverance are newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards or direct mail (internet). Advertising is no longer restricted to commercials promoting products or services, it has advanced to deliver public service adverting, on behalf of various institutions, programs and causes and also political advertising in the interests of parties and candidates. Advertising is a complex process which differs for various audiences from form to form conveying information to keep them indulged. However cultures and standards of living differ from person to person or country to country and so does advertising. This holds true as far as ethical aspect is concerned too, something that maybe considered ethical in one community might not be the same for another, for example advertising alcohol. Background The advertising business first discussed the need for a professional code of ethics in the years from 1900 to 1917, often called the Progressive Era. During that period individual practitioners in the Midwest formed the first national advertising organization, the Associated Advertising Clubs of America, for the explicit purpose of making the business a profession. What is the difference between unethical and ethical advertising? Unethical advertising uses falsehood to deceive the public, while ethical advertising us truth to deceive the public. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, anthropologist (1870-1962). Ethical advertising is such a vast terminology that it cannot be defined in a definite statement. One of the key issues here is that ethical is a subjective term- what is ethical to one person may not be to another. Moreover the concept of what is ethical is not fixed- for example it used to be thought ethical to advertise cigarettes but not condoms, however these days the position has completely reversed. In actuality ethical is not an absolute term and the word ethics, strictly speaking merely means the moral code by which someone decides right from wrong and is therefore highly personal. The term ethical has acquired a specific meaning over the recent past. When the word ethical is used it usually means an activity that does no harm. For example the term ethical advertising implies that money will not be invested in those advertisements that cause harm to people, animals or the environment. In this sense ethics really come down to respect for the world and the consequences of ones actions. Every advertisement should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and should conform to the principles of fair competition, as generally accepted in business. All the advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful. Decency Advertisements should not contain statements or visual presentations which offend prevailing standards of decency. Honesty Advertising should be framed such that it does not abuse the trust of consumers or exploit their lack of experience or knowledge. Social Responsibility Advertisements should not condone any form of discrimination, including that based upon race, national origin, religion, sex or age nor should they undermine human dignity. Advertisements should not appear to disregard or incite violence or unlawful behavior. Truthful presentation Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer in particular with regard to: The value of the product and the total price actually to be paid Delivery, exchange, return, repair and maintenance Terms or guarantee Copyright and industrial property right Social aspects of advertising Advertising as a part of the firms marketing efforts operates in the society for which it should follow social norms. Key areas of debate regarding society and advertising are: Deception Manipulation Taste Deception: it refers not only to the information content in advertising but may also arise from misplaced emphasis in presentations. Advertising as a whole must not create any sort of misleading impression although every statement, separately considered may be literally truthful. Manipulation: the freedom of choice for consumers is restricted by the power of advertising since doing so can manipulate buyers into making against their will or interest. Manipulations are usually done through emotional appeal. Taste: sometimes ads are offensive, tasteless, irritating, boring and so on. Deceptive Advertising Key area of debate regarding ethics and advertising is the truth in the advertising which involves deception and puffery (commercial exaggeration). Deception: deception exists when an advertisement differs from the reality of the situation and it affects the buying behavior of the consumer Puffery: this takes two general forms the first is the advertisement of opinion about a services quality using terms such as best or greatest. The second form of puffery is an exaggeration extended to a point of outright spoof that is entirely not true. In these case words such as perfect and amazing are regarded as mere puffing. For example the consumer banks advertising credit cards, now these adverts show the attributes that would get the audience to buy it. However certain details like the fact that credit will be putting consumers in heavy debts is held off from the consumer Significance of the Study The significance of our study is to determine the widespread issues regarding ethical advertising in consumer banking relating to credit cards adverts. There are certain ethical codes in our society and this study will help gauge if the banks follow on those codes. The dependent and independent variables defined in this study help establish a relationship between such advertising and the environment in general. It goes on to explain the ethical norms and the degree to which consumers rely on these norms to make their purchasing decisions regarding a commodity or service. Study Objectives Distinctively, our study objective is to identify and develop certain questions and then to find the answers to justify those questions. To study whether ethical codes being followed in general? To study whether consumer banking sector is following the ethical codes. To determine the independent variables of ethical advertising and its effects on morality. To determine whether these variables are interlinked and their combined effect on the organizations environment. How much are consumers relying on ethical norms or perceived consequences in forming a specific ethical judgment about their buying behavior? Theoretical framework ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS SOCIAL FACTORS LEGAL FACTORS ETHICAL ADVERTISING PROFESSIONAL FACTORS CONSUMER DEMAND ECONOMIC FACTORS PERSONAL AND INDIVIDUAL FACTORS SITUATIONAL FACTORS Variables affecting Ethical Advertising Social factors Environmental factors Professional Environment Situational Environment Legal Environment Personal and Individual Factors Consumer Trends Economic factors Dependent Variable Ethical advertising Independent Variables Social factors Social factors are associated to the values and the beliefs about how a society operates. Regarding the organizational environment, it signals to the characteristics of work in that organization. These characteristics tell us how the employees perform a certain given set of tasks and what factors do they keep in mind while perceiving ethic. This in turn affects the organizational environment that determines what is considered ethical or unethical in performing organizational assignments. Environmental factors Environmental factors include the values and behavior determined by the cultural environment of an institution originating from the moral intentions of the policy makers. Moral intention is the probability of an organization to engage in a certain behavior which tells us about the moral values which determine the basic convictions that underline the conduct and dealing of that organization. Professional factors This deals with the top management policies, the codes of conduct followed by the society in general, the corporate organization in particular. Its the moral reasoning through which they determine whats right and whats wrong. Basically outlining the organizational regulations that determine what is to be regarded as ethical and what not. Situational factors They deal with stages of development of moral values and determinants of moral attitudes. Moral values are the convictions underlying decision making process regarding ethics. Moral attitudes are the result of an evaluation of moral behavior while moral behavior is denoted by action taken. After moral attitudes, moral reasoning results in moral judgments which are decisions regarding whether a certain alternative is morally good or bad. Legal factors Legal factors are of great importance since these are the first barrier that advertising needs to cross in terms to reach its target audience. Legal clearance in other words ensures that the advert is based on principles of ethical conduct and highlights rules and regulations regarding ethical decision making. Personal and individual factors Individual factors are the individual attributes which include personal goals, the motivation, experiences, personality, and demographics. While personal factors are influenced by the company we keep and the social class that we associate with. These factors are linked together via moral perception, knowledge and moral evaluation. Moral perception is when ethical problems are perceived and the amount of knowledge people hold regarding their moral standards. Specific knowledge about these standards then lead to moral evaluation which is the final decision making determining ethical or unethical conduct Consumer Demand (trend) The trend in what the consumer wants and if the offered product is catering to those changing trends, affects the sales of the product immensely. Without d demand, any product, however much advertised will not be able to attract the target market. Economic factors These include the trends in inflation or economic stability and growth that in return affect the buying power and patterns of the consumers. These are the major determinants of demand for a certain product. Research Hypotheses On the basis of theoretical framework the following hypotheses are formulated: H0 : The social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The social factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The environmental factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The professional environment will not significantly affect ethics in advertising H1 : The professional environment will significantly affect ethics in advertising H0 : The situational factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The situational factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The legal environment will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The legal environment will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The personal and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The consumer trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The consumer trends will significantly affect ethical advertising H0 : The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1 : The economic factors will significantly affect ethical advertising LITERATURE REVIEW JudithÂÂ  W.ÂÂ  Spain, in Ethics and Geography -Impact of Geographical Cultural Differences on Students Ethical Decisions, conducts an exploratory survey to determine if there are differences in ethical decisions by business students based upon cultural backgrounds. Students responses to a vignette concerning advertising of cigar products in a variety of different media provided evidence of significant cultural differences between three groups of students from different geographical locations within the United States. This article suggests that the presumption that an individuals ethical beliefs and behaviors do not change after childhood may be in error. In Ethical Dimensions of Advertising Executions, Nebenzuhl and D.Jaffe determined the ethicality of disguised advertising presented to consumers under the assumption that itll gain potential benefits for the organization. For evidential proof a consumer survey was conducted in which exposure to the object message is followed by unaided recall and recognition tests. The results, however, unearthed the fact that conspicuous approach to advertising is not only unethical but also the gains to the sponsors of such advertising could not outweigh the losses to independence and privacy of the large number of consumers exposed. ScottÂÂ  J.ÂÂ  Vitell, in his paper, The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: An application of Hofstedes typology addresses a significant gap in the conceptualization of business ethics within different cultural influences. Though theoretical models of business ethics have recognized the importance of culture in ethical decision-making, few have examined how this influences ethical decision-making. Therefore, this paper develops propositions concerning the influence of various cultural dimensions on ethical decision-making using Hofstedes typology. Over the last decade, the topic of social responsibility and ethics in business has been made the focus of just a few studies, even though existing theoretical models recognize the importance of this factor. Great emphasis is laid on the importance of the role of culture in ethics decision-making identifying cultural factors such as values and customs, religion, law, respect for individuality, national identity and loy alty (or patriotism), and rights of property as influencing ethics. Kennedy and Lawton (1993) in the article Ethics and Services marketing states that marketing lacks an important component for ethical decision making while identifying the conceptual marketing approaches to the field of marketing ethics. This field consists of component such as the inter-organizational variables including professional environment, individual attributes and legal environment. Furthermore, while defining ethical behavior in a broader term a behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making related to organizations has been presented. It links the inter-organizational relationships and ethics in terms of power, dependence and uncertainty and what effects these inter-organizational factors have on ethics. Ethical advertising: How ethical business is good business practice by Mike Catherall stresses on how any businesses should be accountable, transparent and responsible to their clients, suppliers and employees alike to characterize it as good business practice. He moves on further describing how a business must be true to its word since this acts as the hallmark for good business practice, and consequently ethical business. The article analyzes that in recent years, social-consciousness has become a buzzword, and ethical business practices more lip service than a philosophy. Legislations, regulations and self regulations was information that I came across on the website of Pakistan Advertising association which helped me gauge a few aspects to what really accounts as code of ethics here in Pakistan. The article states that although there is not any one specific law or piece of legislation that encompasses all aspects of advertising, there are codified pieces of legislation and frame wares. These include the Pakistan Advertising Associations (PAA) code of ethics. The article goes on to say that the advertising codes, although generate broad and comprehensive in nature; have suffered from a lack of effective implementation and a new specific focus. The majority of codes with respect to content are based on widely accepted concepts of social and moral decency. The occasionally vague and non specific nature of the regulations has often led to problems, where specific parties or social groupings take it upon themselves to exclude what is moral and what is not . Likewise Wenling Chen and Mei-Chyi Lui (1998) in the article Agency Practitioners Perceptions of Professional Ethics in Taiwan conducted a survey on the advertising practitioners in Taiwan concerning their experiences of ethical challenges at work. The study made use of a semi structured questionnaire which combined both quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect relevant information attempting for satisfying interpretations from the collected data. Among 120 respondents, 67.5 percent admitted that ethical problem was a commonplace at work. According to these respondents, the most frequently mentioned ethical problems area representing unethical products or services, the message of advertisements, agency-client relationship, the creditability of research, under table rebate, and the quality of service. Due to its preliminary nature, the present study should be considered exploratory and descriptive rather than conclusive, with the hope to inspire more research on advertising ethics in Taiwan as well as in other countries in the world. Candy A. Bianco and Susan M. Bosco in their article Ethical issues in credit card solicitation of college students, states how credit card companies aggressively solicit college students, without regard for the consequences of high credit card debt for these customers. The ethical conflict of the sale of easy credit to college students too often results in hazardous outcomes. This paper will investigate the dangers that credit card use presents to the young customer, the unethical manner in which the companies that issue these cards promote their products to this audience, and the role of institutions of higher education. A majority of students are not only using credit unwisely (average balances of over $1000 regardless of who reports the data) but are paying overpriced interest (18%-22%). The credit card companies call this responsible use. They are collecting enough interest and fees to more than cover losses resulting from bankruptcy. They use a variety of marketing techniques to lure college students glitzy MTV type shows, free prizes and gifts, special interest rate offers, and now they can pretend through Educational services to explain to college students why credit cards are important. This Paper investigates current solicitation policies of colleges and universities are also. Bank Credit Cards: Not-Illegal Does Not Equal Ethical by Charles H. Green strongly criticizes banks for deceiving the consumers where credit offerings through credit cards is concerned. The article talks about how for organizational profits the banks not only use unethical advertising as a tool but also neglect the distinction between illegal and unethical. The article goes on to say that most people can intuitively understand the difference between ethical and legal, and between unethical and illegal. Most of us want to live in a society where laws are ultimately derived from a sense of ethics-not the other way around. Just because something is not illegal hardly implies it is ethical. The article Opportunities vs. ethics by White, Phillip D points out how, in the area of fee income, bank marketing officers are being increasingly called upon to do two things the first being to assist the bank in identifying more fee income opportunities while the second states how to help the bank optimize or maximize fee income performance through the refinement of existing pricing strategies. The purpose of this article is to briefly review how bankers involved in marketing analysis and decision making should be aware of arguments and developments regarding potential ethical issues. Ethical standards in advertising: a worldwide perspective by Maria Cecilia talks about a study that was conducted that indicates how close advertisers from all the continents have been from the natural law and other fundamental moral principles. The ethical problems have not been equated with objectivity and the realist approach is appointed as a solution. The paper moves on explaining how there have been comments about the difficult practicability of ethically behaving in the advertising world due to problems faced by private companies, marketing research and advertising agencies, media and government. In many western countries, conflicts between ethical/moral and social/economic values can be observed. Many professionals see themselves disoriented concerning the correct attitude to take when facing the dynamic and diversified possibilities of their advertising campaigns. The objective of the paper was to call the attention of academicians and professionals who deal with advertising and to their responsibility toward the market. The intention is to encourage them to consider the values implicit in the campaigns they develop, guiding them toward the common good, helping them to find a wise and sensible way of acting rather than acquiring ways that misguide and mislead their consumers. Laczniak and Inderrieden (1987) in the article The Influence of stated organizational concern upon ethical decision making did the experimental study and evaluated the influence of stated organizational concern for ethical conduct upon employee behavior at managerial levels. A sample was tested on scenarios suggesting illegal conduct and others suggesting only unethical behavior. Only in the case of suggested illegal behavior tempered by high organizational concern were managers influenced by organizational policy to modify the morality of their actions. However the responses to the illegal scenarios were significantly more ethical than the reactions given to the unethical (but not illegal) situations. This particular study adopts an in-basket framework in order to investigate the influence of various levels of organizational sanctions upon ethical decision making. Methodology The methodology I will implement has two aspects and is going to be based on survey strategy: Questionnaires will cover the general trends in responses from the bankers also keeping in mind to structure them to be able to gauge some consumer trends. Interviews, of the bankers, will further help evaluate results gathered from the questionnaires The sample for this research will be the banks that offer consumer banking I will attempt to cover as many banks as I can since credit card issuance is foreign to none keeping in mind the growing trend. The sampling frame would be all the banks in Lahore City. The sample size would be 30 people from consumer banking sector involved in advertising credit card facility. The Research Study would start off from the questionnaire and thereafter statistical measures will be applied on the results to obtain analysis by using computer software SPSS. Analysis Q1. Do you think that the ethical codes of advertising are being followed? Q2. Do you think that the government is concerned with the censorship of advertisement through different mediums? HYPOTHSIS: H0- The legal factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The legal factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4. 436. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The legal factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising is rejected. Q3. Has your business increased over the recent years in credit card financing? HYPOTHSIS H0- The consumer demand trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The consumer demand trends will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4.254. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The consumer demand trends will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q4. Do you think that the rules and regulations of the bank affect moral reasoning determining the ethical behavior of advertising? HYPOTHSIS H0- The professional factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The professional factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 5.737. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The professional factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.5 The culture of a bank determines the behavior of employees regarding corporate social responsibility. HYPOTHSIS H0- The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The environmental factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 6.343. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The environmental factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.6 Do you think economic factors are a major determinant for the demand of your product (credit cards)? HYPOTHSIS H0- The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The economic factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 5.125. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- The economic factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.7 Corporate social responsibility is an important factor in ethical advertising HYPOTHSIS H0- The social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The social factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 4.938. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- social factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.8 Do individual attributes such as personal goals, life experiences and education determine the perception of the consumer regarding advertising? HYPOTHSIS H0- The personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The personal and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 7.408. Since this proves my T-stat to be greater than my T-critical, the H0- personal and individual factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising, is rejected. Q.9 Does your bank tends to suppress pertinent information about your services from consumers? HYPOTHSIS H0- The situational factors will not significantly affect ethical advertising H1- The situational and individual factors will significantly affect ethical advertising Analysis We know from the data analyzed using SPSS that our degree of freedom is 28 and I have supposed the confidence interval 95% (0.95), hence using the T-Table and determining the T-critical value against Degree of Freedom 28 and Confidence Interval of 95% (0.95), the value comes out to be 2.048, which is less than the T-stat of 8.773. Since

Invisible Man Essay: Shedding Fear -- Invisible Man Essays

Shedding Fear in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison explores the issues of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness through the protagonist; Invisible Man. Invisible Man is not giving a name.   Ellison explores how unalienable rights cannot be obtained without freedom from the obstacles in life - especially from one's own fears.    Several major characters affect the protagonist. One of the major characters is Dr. Bledsoe, who is the president of the school.   Dr. Bledsoe had a major effect on the main character, because the Protagonist idolizes him.   "He was every thing that I hope to be," (Ellison 99), but the Dr. Bledsoe degrades him when we says "Why, the dumbest black bastard in the cotton patch knows that the only way to please a white man is to tell him a lie" (Emerson 137) and calls him a Nigger.   In addition, the Protagonist grandfather had a major effect on him.      The Protagonist's grandfather last word, "Live in the Lions mouth" (Ellison 16) has a lasting effect on him throughout most of the novel.   Finally and most important, Ras the Destroyer, whom the Protagonist fears whom along with Dr. Bledsoe in a separate encountering calls him "a educated fool" (Ellison 140).      The first encounter of the Protagonist own fears is introduce when his grandfather' s tells the Protagonist to go against the white man by "overcome 'em with yeses" (Emerson 16).   These words haunts the Protagonist when he is kicked out getting kicked out of college.   When Dr. Bledsoe kicks him out of college, the Protagonist reflects on his grandfather last words "undermine 'em with grins, agree 'em to death^"(Emerson 16).   For a moment, the Protagonist wonders if his grandfather might be right.   Howev... ...ld not let him rest.   He states that "I'm an invisible man and it placed me in a hole- or showed me the hole I was in^."(Ellison Epilogue).   This is an effective metaphor, because that is where life left him.   As stated by a German Philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, "A snake that does not shed its skin will perish".   The Protagonist realized he must shed his metaphorical skin of fear and denial of being a Negro in order to obtain his unalienable which are rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.   The freedom he obtains through shedding his skin is that he knows he is free to be himself without the fear of not being accepted.    Works Cited Ellison, Ralph.   The Invisible Man.   New York, Vintage Books Latu, Susan.   School Web Site.   1998.   Phillips, Elizabeth C.   "Monarch Notes" Ralph Ellison Invisible Man.   New York, Monarch      

Danshui Plant No.2 Essay

Background: Danshui was a contract manufacturer assembling electronic products in southern China. There were many manufacturers like Danshui in China assembling parts for the companies wishing to save labor costs. Apple contracted with Danshui to assemble 2.4 million iPhones in Plant No.2 with the expected high demand of this product in 2010. As a profit center, Plant No.2 was credited for each iPhone produced and shipped. The process of assembling was complex and required almost entirely based on handwork for more than 100 components. Danshui was confident of its workers to adapt the new tasks and extra workers could be hired and trained as needed. The iPhone 4 was the most successful product of Apple as more than 1.7 million units were sold in the first 3 days they were launched. However, the plant was operating at a loss because of the underproduction. Consequently, the controller of this plant considered preparing the new budget showing using a flexible budget system to identify what went wrong in their operations that contribute to the performance problems. Problems and issues: The plant has 2 big problems in terms of budgeting system and labor force. Firstly, they were in unfavorable performance by using standard budgeting system. They were unable to meet the Apple contract, which was shortage 10% from the 200,000 targeted units, resulting in the loss of $672,000 rather than the profit of $100,000. Actually, the plant was using the standard costing system to evaluate their performance, but it was not appropriate because the comparative quantities were different (180,000 and 200,000 units). That means the total standard costs would be overstated compared to the total actual costs. Consequently, the activities under the standard costing system were all overstated efficiency, leading to the unfavorable net income. Secondly, the lack of qualified labor force also contributed to this problem. As the assembly of iPhone 4 was extremely complex, this would be higher chances of errors as the assembly process was handled by different workers with different skills and working styles. This will indirectly cause a lot wastes in term of cost and time due to the carelessness and the lack of skill of the workers. The burden of the supervisors must be increased as they must learn before guiding the workers, who were almost semiskilled.  Although the plant had raised the wages to 30%, they still could not increase the number of labor force needed, which also contributed to the underproduction. On the other hand, as the production line was based on handwork, the damage of 1000 flash memories in installation was unavoidable. Thus, the actual output must be 181,000 units instead of 180,000 units in their report. The replacement of the wastage had increased the cost that had led to the unfavorable variance of $389,000. When the reckless jobs had been done, the workers must use the new tools and supplies, resulting in the increase of the production costs and cause an unfavorable performance. Recommendations: For the short term, I recommend Danshui to change from using the standard costing system to the flexible budget system for performance evaluation purpose. By using the flexible budget will help them to compare results with adjustable budget and the variance analysis will be more accurate. This system also proves the unfavorable performance caused by the variance from variable costs of $1,041,200, which can analyze and evaluate the weaknesses in controlling the variable cost which is flash memories, assembly and packaging expenses. For the long term period, they have to overcome the disadvantages from the labor forces. First of all, the plant should improve their salary policy. I recommend that they should motivate workers by setting a basic salary and offering bonus if they complete their jobs well. Secondly, the plant should provide professional training for labors. Through training, the labors can learn how to handle with care on the parts to avoid the wastage that will happen. This solution also assists managers to place the correct labor at the correct assembly parts to reduce the labor hours but still save the materials. Thirdly, the plant could hire more skilled supervisors who will able to response to the problems arises and know how to motivate the labor to achieve the goal.

The Lend-Lease Act in World War II

The Lend-Lease Act in World War II The Lend-Lease Act, formally known as the An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was passed March 11, 1941. Championed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the legislation allowed military aid and supplies to be offered other nations. Passed before the United States entered World War II, the Lend-Lease Program effectively ended American neutrality and offered a means for directly supporting Britains war against Germany and Chinas conflict with Japan. Following the American entry into World War II, Lend-Lease was expanded to include the Soviet Union. During the course of the conflict, around $50.1 billion worth of materials were supplied on the premise that it would be paid for or returned. Background With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the United States assumed a neutral stance. As Nazi Germany began winning a long string of victories in Europe, the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt began seeking ways to aid Great Britain while remaining free of the conflict. Initially constrained by the Neutrality Acts which limited arms sales to cash and carry purchases by belligerents, Roosevelt declared large amounts of American weapons and ammunition surplus and authorized their shipment to Britain in mid-1940. He also entered into negotiations with Prime Minister Winston Churchill to secure leases for naval bases and airfields in British possessions across the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic coast of Canada. These talks ultimately produced the Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940. This agreement saw 50 surplus American destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for rent-free, 99-year leases on various military installations. Though they succeeded in repelling the Germans during the Battle of Britain, the British remained hard-pressed by the enemy on multiple fronts. Royal Navy and U.S. Navy sailors inspect depth charges aboard Wickes-class destroyers, in 1940 before their transfer to the Royal Navy. Library of Congress The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 Seeking to move the nation towards a more active role in the conflict, Roosevelt wished to provide Britain with all possible aid short of war. As such, British warships were permitted to make repairs in American ports and training facilities for British servicemen were constructed in the U.S. To ease Britains shortage of war materials, Roosevelt pushed for the creation of the Lend-Lease Program. Officially titled An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States, the Lend-Lease Act was signed into law on March 11, 1941. This act empowered the president to sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government [whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States] any defense article. In effect, it allowed Roosevelt to authorize the transfer of military materials to Britain with the understanding that they would ultimately be paid for or returned if they were not destroyed. To administer the program, Roosevelt created the Office of Lend-Lease Administration under the leadership of former steel industry executive Edward R. Stettinius. In selling the program to a skeptical and still somewhat isolationist American public, Roosevelt compared it to loaning a hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire. What do I do in such a crisis? the president asked the press. I dont say... Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it - I dont want $15 - I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. In April, he expanded the program by offering lend-lease aid to China for their war against the Japanese. Taking swift advantage of the program, the British received over $1 billion in aid through October 1941. An American light tank is unloaded at a central ordnance depot in England, part of a lend-lease shipment from the United States. Library of Congress Effects of Lend-Lease Lend-Lease continued after the American entry into the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. As the American military mobilized for war, Lend-Lease materials in the form of vehicles, aircraft, weapons, etc. were shipped to other Allied nations who were actively fighting the Axis Powers. With the alliance of the United States and the Soviet Union in 1942, the program was expanded to allow their participation with large amounts of supplies passing through the Arctic Convoys, Persian Corridor, and the Alaska-Siberia Air Route. As the war progressed, most of the Allied nations proved capable of manufacturing sufficient frontline weapons for their troops, however, this led to a drastic reduction in the production other needed items. Materials from Lend-Lease filled this void in the form of munitions, food, transport aircraft, trucks, and rolling stock. The Red Army, in particular, took advantage of the program and by wars end, approximately two-thirds of its trucks were American-built Dodges and Studebakers. Also, the Soviets received around 2,000 locomotives for supplying its forces at the front. Reverse Lend-Lease While Lend-Lease generally saw goods being provided to the Allies, a Reverse Lend-Lease scheme also existed where goods and services were given to the United States. As American forces began arriving in Europe, Britain provided material assistance such as the use of Supermarine Spitfire fighters. Additionally, Commonwealth nations often provided food, bases, and other logistical support. Other Lead-Lease items included patrol boats and De Havilland Mosquito aircraft. Through the course of the war, the United States received around $7.8 billion in Reverse Lend-Lease aid with $6.8 of it coming from Britain and the Commonwealth nations. End of Lend-Lease A critical program for winning the war, Lend-Lease came to an abrupt end with its conclusion. As Britain needed to retain much of the Lend-Lease equipment for postwar use, the Anglo-American Loan was signed through which the British agreed to purchase the items for approximately ten cents on the dollar. The total value of the loan was around  £1,075 million. The final payment on the loan was made in 2006. All told, Lend-Lease provided $50.1 billion worth of supplies to the Allies during the conflict, with $31.4 billion to Britain, $11.3 billion to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion to France and $1.6 billion to China.